The story
The American mainland was attacked for the first time in WW2 as Japanese submarine I-17 opened fire on an oil refinery at Ellwood near Santa Barbara, California.
There's more to discover
You have arrived at just one small part of Back to Normandy — a personal project dedicated to preserving stories, images, music and memories of the Second World War.
Every record is a doorway to a larger story. Explore Back to Normandy to discover more, or visit Fred Vogels' personal website to learn about the person and the projects behind it.